Definition of case:
A word which indicates whether a Noun or pronoun is used as a subject , object or an indirect object and a word which is used to address a person or indicate ownership or possession is known as case.
Example:
Ali kicked the ball.
here" Ali" is subject and "kick" is verb and "ball" is object."kicked the ball" is predicate.
Kinds of cases:
A noun has six cases.
1-Nominative case
2-Objective case
3-Possessive case
4-Nominative of Address
5-Dative case
6-Noun in Apposition
1-Nominative Case:
A noun or pronoun used as the subject of the verb is known as Nominative or Subjective Case.
Example:
a)-Akhtar wrote a letter.
[who wrote a letter?Akhtar]
b)-hard work brings success.
[What bring success?hardwork]
Note:
1-pronoun in Nominative case are: I, We ,you,he, she,it ,they.
2-Nominative answers the question 'who'or 'what'.
2-Objective Case:
A noun or pronoun used as the object of the verb is known as Objective Case or accusative Case.
Examples:
a)- I love my Sindh.[who do I love? Sindh]
b)-we enjoy poetry.[what we enjoy? Poetry]
Note:
1-The accusative answers the question"who","whom"or"what".
2-pronoun in accusative Case are :me,us,him,her,it,them.
3-A noun or pronoun used after a preposition must be in Objective Case.
Examples:
a) he is angry with me.
b)we played with them.
In these sentences"me" and "them" are in the objective case.
3-Possessive Case:
A noun with apostrophe and 's' or a pronoun which indicates possession is known as possessive or genitive case.
Example:
This is Ali's book.[whose book is this ?Ali's book]
Note:
1- the possessive answers the question 'whose'.
2-pronoun in the possessive case are :My,our,your,her,his,it's,their.
4-Nominative of Address:
A noun used to address person with their names is known as Nominative of address.
Examples:
a)Come on,Nasir.
b)Ali,let me tell you something.
5-Dative Case:.
A noun or pronoun. used as an in direct object of the verb is known as dative case.
Example:
a) I presented him a watch .[who did I present the watch? To him]
6-Noun in Opposition:
A noun used to refer to another noun is known as noun in Opposition.
Examples:
a) Shah Abdul Latif bhitai, the author of shah Jo risalo, is a Sindhi poet.
b) I met alhamd, school friend.
In the first sentence, the author of shah Jo risalo is in the Nominative case. In the second sentence, noun a school friend is in the objective case.
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