English Grammar

1-Abstract nouns have no plurals. Example: Hope, Charity, Love ,Kindness. 2-Material Nouns are not used in plurals. Examples: Copper, Iron, Tin,Wood ,Gold, Water,Milk. Note: They may be used in plural with a different ; Coppers        Copper coins   Irons.             Fetters, chains    Woods.         Forests. 3-Letters, figures and other symbols are turned plural by adding an apostrophe and ' : There are two M's and two T's in the word committee. Five 5's are twenty means a Nation and it may be used both as singular and Sindhis are creative-minded people. There are different peoples in Asia. 5-'Means' is used as singular or : T.V is a means of entertainment. Note: But it is plural in the sense of wealth. Examples: His means are plenty..

 1- By adding 's' to the singular;as : Singular.                           Plural Arm.                                   Arms Bat.                                     Bats Day.                                    Days 2-By adding 'es' to the singular, if it ends in "s" "sh"  or"o", "x";as: Singular.                            Plural Box.                                   Boxes Dish.                                    Dishes Class                                   classes Potato.                               Potatoes Echo.                                   Echoes 3-But the plural of the following Nouns ending in "o" are formed by adding "-s" only ;as: Canto.                                  Cantos  Dynamo.                             Dynamos Quarto.                               Quartos Piano.                                 Pianos 4-moreover , the following Nouns ending in "o" forms the plural by addi

  Number :           A Word Which indicates whether a noun is singular or plural is known as Number. For example: Tree ,Book They are singular. Trees,books They are plural. Kinds of Numbers :     A Noun has two Numbers: 1)-The Singular Number 2)-The Plural Number  1)-The Singular Number :     A Noun which denotes one person or thing is known as Singular Number. For example: class ,Cap,Boy,Bench,Dish. 2)-The Plural Number :            A Noun which denotes more than one person or thing is known as Plurall Number. For example: classes,caps,boys,benches,dishes.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT GENDER : 1-The gender of common Nouns maybe masculine, Feminine,common or neuter. 2-The Gender of proper Nouns may be masculine, Feminine or neuter. 3-The gender of all collective ,material and abstract Nouns is always neuter. 4-Collective Nouns, even when they denotes living ,are considered to be of the neuter gender. 5-Infants, children and lower animals are also considered to be of the neuter gender. 6-Objects remarkable for strength are considered to be of the masculine gender;as: The sun, The Summer, The Winter, Time, Death. 7-Objects remarkable for beauty, gentleness and gracefulness are considered to be of the feminine gender;as: The moon, The earth, the spring ,the ship, peace,mercy,Hope, Nature, Justice.

  Gender :    Gender indicated wether a person at an animal is male or female . The word 'Gender' is originated from Latin "Genus" which means kind or sort. Kinds of Gender : In English language ,genders are of four kinds. 1-Masculine Gender 2-Feminine Gender 3-Common Gender 4- Neuter Gender 1-Masculine Gender         A Noun that denotes a male , is said to be of Masculine Gender. Example: Brother, boy, king, lion etc. 2-Feminine Gender    A Noun that denotes a female , is said to be of Feminine Gender. Example: Queen, Girl, Mother etc. 3-Common Gender    A Noun that denotes either a male or female is said to be Common Gender. Example: parents, child, driver, enemy, person etc. 4-Neuter Gender    A Noun that denotes a thing is neither male nor female, (a thing without life)  is said to be the Neuter Gender. Example: book, pencil, cot, table, lamp , poetry, college etc.

  The Noun:         The Noun is the name of person , place or any thing is called Noun.               Or         The Noun is the naming word. Example:  1- Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan.      -there are three nouns Islamabad, capital city  and Pakistan. 2-The Moon 🌝  is Shining.     - Moon is Noun here.  Kinds of Nouns: 1-Common Noun 2- Proper Noun 3-Collective Noun 4- Concrete Noun 5- Abstract Noun 6- Countable Noun 7- Uncountable Noun 8-Material Noun 1- Common Noun                       Common Noun is a name given in common to every person, place or any thing of the same class or kind. Example:             Man- Men, Mango-Mangoes, Book-Books 1-Man is a social animal . 2 - Mangoes are hanging from tree . 3 - Books are on the table . 2- Proper Noun            Proper Noun is the name of some particular person, place or any thing. Example :  1-The   Allah    2- The    holy Quran 3-The Muhammad pbuh. 3-Collective Noun             The Collective Noun is the name of a number or

Definition:             Words are divided into different kinds or classes, according to their uses or according to the work they do in a sentence, are called PARTS OF SPEECH. 1-Noun.     It's kinds are eight 2-Pronoun.                It's kinds are eleven. 3-Adjective.        It's kinds are ten. 4-Verb.               It's kinds are three. 5-Adverb.       It's kinds are eight. 6-Preposition.    It's kinds are five. 7-Conjuction.        It's kinds are four. 8-Interjection.        It's kinds are five.   

1- Prefixes and Suffixes:         New words  are formed by adding a particle to the beginning or the end of the root word.  1-Prefixe            The Particle added to the beginning is called prefix.      These are three types of prefix. 1-English prefix 2-Latin prefix 3-Greek prefix 1-English prefix A.       ( away,on,out)   Ex:   abed, ashore,afoot. Be.    (ہونا).     Ex: Befriend,befit,befall beswear. By.  (on the side)  Ex:  by stander, by-word. Down.  (نیچے)  Ex:   Downfall, down-pour. For.   (Thoroughly)   Ex:  for bear, forbid. Fore.  (Before) Ex: fore-thought, fore-see. In.  (میں) Ex:into, insight , inborn. Miss.  (wrong) Ex: misdeed, mistake. Off.   (away) Ex: off shoot, off spring. On.   (پر) Ex: on set ,on coming. Out(باہر) Ex: out break, out line. Out.  (Look) Ex: out let, out house. Over.   (above) Ex:. over flow, overcome. Un.  (Not) Ex: untie, unfold. Under.  (نیچے سے) Ex:. undergo, understand. Well.  (ٹھیک) Ex: welcome, wellbeing. 2-Latin prefix Ab.  (away) Ex: abnormal,

  Word:       A group of letters which has a meaning is called a word.A word is used to stand for a thing or a person. Kinds of words :  1-Primary words 2-Compoud Words 3-Primary Derivates 4-Secondary Derivation  1-Primary Words       Words which are not derived, Compounded or developed from other words are called primary words.l me 2-Compound Words          Words Which is formed by joining two or more simple words are called Compound Words. Example:School-bus, College- boy,T.V-artist and Book -shelf etc. New Word Formation: 1-Noun+Noun Ex: Hand-bag 2-Adjective+Noun Ex:Regional  Language 3-Verb+Noun Ex: Speed limit 4-Gerund+Noun Ex: Spelling book 5-Adverb(or preposition)+Noun  Ex:Afternoon 6-Verb+Adverb Ex: Getup 7-Adverb+Verb Writing- desk 1-Compound Adjective         Compound adjectives may be formed from: Noun+Adjective Adjective+Adjective Adverb+participle 2-Compound Verb   Noun+ Verb Adjective+verb    3-Primary Derivates           Words which are formed by making some changes in t

 There are two types of articles 1-Definite Article. 2-Indefinite Article 1- Definite Article: An Article which is used to refer to a particular person or thing is known as The Definite Article. Example:The 1-the prophet Muhammad pbuh is the messenger of the Allah. 2-The holy Quran is the best book in the world. "The" if a word  with consonant sound we read "thuh" Ex: The Man. Thuh man If a word  start with vowel   we read "thee" The USA. Thee USA "The"will not use with countries only with USA we can use "The". Don't use article before foods,fluids,gases,general group and absract noun. We don't use article "The"with the names of building after preposition "to" Ex:I got the school (X) I goto school (✓) We use "The"article with rivers, 99  name of the Allah. Ex:The Indus river and The Ravi. "The"It is also used with superlative degree. You can also use "The"article with precious th